Diabetes and Medication

DIABETES
Diabetes, commonly referred to as a diabetes mellitus as described by doctors, describes a group of metabolic disorders in which a person has high blood sugar (glucose), insulin production is inadequate or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin or both. Patients with high levels of sugar in the blood usually experience polyuria (frequent urination), they are all always thirsty (polidipsija) and hungry (polyphagia).
Diabetes is a number of diseases which involves insulin hormone problems. Normally, the pancreas (an organ behind the stomach) releases insulin to help your body store and use sugar and fat in the foods you eat. Diabetes when one of the following events occurs:
• When the pancreas does not produce insulin.
• When the pancreas produces very little insulin.
• When the body does not respond appropriately to insulin, a condition known as "Insulin Resistance".
Diabetes is a permanent disease. About 18.2 million Americans suffer from this disease and almost one third (or about 5.2 million) do not know they have diabetes. Another 41 million people have prediabetes. For now, there is no cure. People with diabetes must manage their diseases to stay healthy.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIABETES
The most Common types of Diabetes are the Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Your immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing pancreatic cells. This type of diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and adolescents, although it can occur at any age. It is recommended that individuals with type 1 diabetes should take insulin every day to stay alive.
Type 2 Diabetes
In these types of diabetes called type 2 diabetes, the body does not produce or use insulin properly. An individual can develop Type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, this type of diabetes most commonly occurs in middle-aged and older people. Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes develops with some women when they are pregnant. Most of the time, this type of diabetes disappears after the baby is born. However, if you have gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is actually type 2 diabetes.
Other types of diabetes
Less common types include monogenic diabetes, which is the hereditary form of diabetes and diabetes associated with cystic fibrosis
Medications for type 1 diabetes
Insulin
Insulin is the most well-known kind of medication used in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It can also be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It's given by injection and comes in various types. The type of insulin you require relies upon how serious your insulin depletion is. Different options are listed below:
Short-acting insulin
regular insulin (Humulin and Novolin)
Rapid-acting insulins
insulin aspart(NovoLog, FlexPen)
insulin glulisine (Apidra)
insulin lispro (Humalog)
Intermediate-acting insulin
insulin isophane (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long-acting insulins
insulin degludec (Tresiba)
insulin detemir (Levemir)
insulin glargine (Lantus)
insulin glargine (Toujeo)
Combination insulins
NovoLog Mix 70/30 (insulin aspart protamine-insulin aspart)
Humalog Mix 75/25 (insulin lispro protamine-insulin lispro)
Humalog Mix 50/50 (insulin lispro protamine-insulin lispro)
Humulin 70/30 (human insulin NPH-human insulin regular)
Novolin 70/30 (human insulin NPH-human insulin regular)
Ryzodeg (insulin degludec-insulin aspart)

Amylinomimetic drug
Pramlintide (SymlinPen 120, SymlinPen 60) is an amylinomimetic drug. This is an injectable drug that is taken before meals. Its function is to delaying the time your stomach takes to empty itself. It helps to by reducing glucagon secretion at the end of meals. This lowers your blood sugar. It also reduces appetite through a central mechanism.
Medications for type 2 diabetes
Most common medications required to treat type 2 diabetes are oral drugs. However, a few come as injections. In most cases, some people with type 2 diabetes may also need to take insulin.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
These medications help your body break down starchy foods and table sugar. This effect reduces blood sugar levels. In other to get best results, it is advisable for you take these medications before meals. These medications include:
acarbose (Precose)
miglitol (Glyset)
Biguanides
Biguanides works by reducing the rate at which the liver produces sugar. They also decreases the rate of absorption of sugar by the intestines, which make your body more sensitive to insulin, and help your muscles absorb glucose. The most common biguanide is metformin (Glucophage, Metformin Hydrochloride ER, Glumetza, Riomet, Fortamet).
Metformin can also be combined with other drugs for type 2 diabetes. It’s present as an ingredient in the following medications:
metformin-alogliptin (Kazano)
metformin-canagliflozin (Invokamet)
metformin-dapagliflozin (Xigduo XR)
metformin-empagliflozin (Synjardy)
metformin-glipizide
metformin-glyburide (Glucovance)
metformin-linagliptin (Jentadueto)
metformin-pioglitazone (Actoplus)
metformin-repaglinide (PrandiMet)
metformin-rosiglitazone (Avandamet)
metformin-saxagliptin (Kombiglyze XR)
metformin-sitagliptin (Janumet)

Dopamine agonist
Bromocriptine (Parlodel) is a dopamine agonist. It’s not known exactly how this drug works to treat type 2 diabetes. It may affect rhythms in your body and prevent insulin resistance.
DPP-4 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors help the body continue to produce insulin. They work by reducing blood sugar without causing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). These medications can also help the pancreas to produce more insulin. These medications include:
alogliptin (Nesina)
alogliptin-metformin (Kazano)
alogliptin-pioglitazone (Oseni)
linagliptin (Tradjenta)
linagliptin-empagliflozin (Glyxambi)
linagliptin-metformin (Jentadueto)
saxagliptin (Onglyza)
saxagliptin-metformin (Kombiglyze XR)
sitagliptin (Januvia)
sitagliptin-metformin (Janumet and Janumet XR)
sitagliptin and simvastatin (Juvisync)

Glucagon-like peptides (incretin mimetics)
These drugs are similar to the natural hormone called the incretin. They increase the growth of B cells and the amount of insulin your body uses. They reduce appetite and the amount of glucagon your body uses. They also slow down abdominal discharge. These are all important actions for people with diabetes. These medications include:
albiglutide (Tanzeum)
dulaglutide (Trulicity)
exenatide (Byett

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